Voyages in Drama with Ibsen
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Ibsen
Volume III: Four Plays
The Lady from the Sea
Little Eyolf
John Gabriel Borkman
When We Dead Awaken

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When We Dead Awaken

Ibsen called this the 'Epilogue' to the Cycle and it is a play filled with the memory of the earlier plays and of the haunted European spirit. Set in summer, and ending "at dawn, before the sunrise" it concludes both the whole Cycle and the final series of four plays, beginning with The Master Builder, that have brought us through a long night of the world soul. Its opening mage of humanity convalescing at a sanatorium, supervised by a bland and controlling 'Spa Manager', anticipates The Magic Mountain of Thomas Mann (who wrote an admiring account of the play) and of T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land. The physical action of the play is as simple and as resonant as that of Sophokles' Oedipus at Kolonos. An elderly artist and his young wife arrive at a sanatorium. The artist meets a former model whom he once loved and abandoned. The wife meets a 'bear hunter' to whom she is immensely but fearfully attracted. As in some extraordinary, adulterous minuet the foursome divide into two new couples. The scene of the play gradually ascends, act by act, finally to a deadly, storm-ridden mountain height. One couple descends to live; the other ascends to die.

But this simple action is accompanied by the richest supertext in the cycle. Every word and gesture seems haunted by previous ones, as the play searches into the heart of loss. Ibsen's lifelong admirer, James Joyce, reviewing the play, proclaimed: " On the whole, When We Dead Awaken may rank with the greatest of the author's works - if, indeed, it be not the greatest. It is described as the last of the series...a grand epilogue to its ten* predecessors. Than these dramas, excellent alike in dramaturgical skill, characterization and supreme interest, the long roll of drama, ancient or modern, has few things better to show."

*Joyce omitted the first play of the Cycle, Pillars of Society